Is Diet a Determining Factor in the Induction of Gingival Inflammation by Dental Plaque? A Secondary Analysis of Clinical Studies.

The aim was to determine the association between plaque and gingival inflammation reported by dietary interventions. Data of four clinical studies dealing with changed nutrition and gingival examination were reanalyzed with regard to gingival inflammation (GI), plaque (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Dietary changes basically involved avoiding sugar, white flour and sweetened drinks and focusing on whole foods for 4 weeks. The control groups were to maintain their usual diet. All participants had to reduce their oral hygiene efforts. Linear regression models taking the clustering of the data due to several studies into account were applied. In total, data of 92 participants (control groups: 39, test-groups 53) were reanalyzed. While both groups showed a slight increase in dental plaque, only the test groups showed a significant decrease in inflammatory parameters: GI (mean value difference End-Baseline (Δ): -0.31 (±SD 0.36)) and BOP (Δ: -15.39% (±16.07)), both p < 0.001. In the control groups, there was a constant relation between PI and GI, while the experimental group showed a decreasing relationship in GI/PI (p = 0.016), and even an inverted relationship BOP/PI under a changed diet (p = 0.031). In conclusion, diet seems to be a determining factor how the gingiva reacts towards dental plaque.

Cross-sectional analysis comparing prefabricated titanium to individualized hybrid zirconia abutments for cemented zirconia based fixed dental prostheses: a critical concept assessment.

PURPOSE: Despite the differences in material properties and shapes among the different types of prefabricated titanium (pTiA) and individualized hybrid zirconia abutments (ihZiA), the biological and clinical relevance of materials and construction features remains vague. Yet, individualized ihZiA are increasingly implemented into daily routine aiming to satisfy rising expectations. The objective was to compare these two types of abutments in fixed dental prostheses (FDP). METHODS: This cross-sectional study examined 462 implants in 102 patients comparing pTiA (52 patients) to ihZiA (50 patients) for FDP. These different treatment regimens were evaluated in terms of peri-implant health, radiographic bone loss, and oral-health related quality of life (OH-QoL) with special consideration of abutment type and superstructure design. RESULTS: ihZiA showed significantly different design features than prefabricated pTiA, but the annual bone loss in both groups did not. Visible titanium in the esthetic zone negatively impacted OHIP 14 scores. The combination of an emergence angle (EA) of < 30° and a concave emergence profile (EP) as well as gingiva thickness (p = 0.002) at the time of the prosthetic restoration significantly improved the annual peri-implant bone loss, independently of the abutment type. CONCLUSION: ihZiA showed comparable results to pTiA. To optimize the long-term outcome, not just material alone but generating adequate soft tissue thickness, minimizing the EA, and applying a concave EP seem to be the most relevant factors. To improve OH-QoL, particular attention must be paid to the esthetic zone.

Dimensional accuracy and simulation-based optimization of polyolefins and biocopolyesters for extrusion-based additive manufacturing and steam sterilization.

Polyolefins exhibit robust mechanical and chemical properties and can be applied in the medical field, e.g. for the manufacturing of dentures. Despite their wide range of applications, they are rarely used in extrusion-based printing due to their warpage tendency. The aim of this study was to investigate and reduce the warpage of polyolefins compared to commonly used filaments after additive manufacturing (AM) and sterilization using finite element simulation. Three types of filaments were investigated: a medical-grade polypropylene (PP), a glass-fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP-GF), and a biocopolyester (BE) filament, and they were compared to an acrylic resin (AR) for material jetting. Square specimens, standardized samples prone to warpage, and denture bases (n = 10 of each group), as clinically relevant and anatomically shaped reference, were digitized after AM and steam sterilization (134 °C). To determine warpage, the volume underneath the square specimens was calculated, while the deviations of the denture bases from the printing file were measured using root mean square (RMS) values. To reduce the warpage of the PP denture base, a simulation of the printing file based on thermomechanical calculations was performed. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's test for multiple comparisons. The results showed that PP exhibited the greatest warpage of the square specimens after AM, while PP-GF, BE, and AR showed minimal warpage before sterilization. However, warpage increased for PP-GF, BE and AR during sterilization, whereas PP remained more stable. After AM, denture bases made of PP showed the highest warpage. Through simulation-based optimization, warpage of the PP denture base was successfully reduced by 25%. In contrast to the reference materials, PP demonstrated greater dimensional stability during sterilization, making it a potential alternative for medical applications. Nevertheless, reducing warpage during the cooling process after AM remains necessary, and simulation-based optimization holds promise in addressing this issue.

Impact of air-polishing using erythritol on surface roughness and substance loss in dental hard tissue: An ex vivo study.

This ex vivo study aimed to investigate surface roughness and substance loss after treatment with different professional cleaning methods and to determine whether subsequent polishing with a rubber cup and polishing paste is necessary. Samples (flat and natural surfaces) of human enamel and dentin were prepared (baseline) and treated with either a curette, air-polishing with erythritol, a rubber cup and polishing paste, or a combination thereof (treatment). Subsequently, all samples were immersed in an ultrasonic bath (ultrasonic) to remove residues from the treatment procedures. The surface roughness values sRa and sRz as well as tissue loss were measured profilometrically. Linear regression models were used to compare group differences (roughness and loss) considering the corresponding baseline value. The significance level was set at p<0.05. sRa increased significantly after treatment with curettes or air-polishing with erythritol in both enamel (p<0.001) and dentin (p<0.001) of flat samples. The same effect was observed for sRz in dentin (p<0.001) but not for enamel compared to negative control. Polishing with a rubber cup and paste alone had no significant effect on roughness values. When combined with other treatments, the effect of curette or air-polishing with erythritol dominated the effect. In enamel, none of the tested methods led to measurable tissue loss. In dentin, air-polishing with erythritol caused ≤50% tissue loss compared to the curette. Conclusively, for enamel, treatment effects on roughness were measurable but of limited clinical relevance. For dentin, air-polishing resulted in a smaller but insignificant roughness increase and less tissue loss compared to the curette. Polishing with a rubber cup and paste did not affect surface roughness. Regarding the clinical application, the use of air-polishing seems to be a less invasive procedure than using a curette; polishing with rubber cup and paste offers no advantage in terms of reducing roughness as a final procedure.

High C-Factor Cavities: How Do "Snowplow Technique", Adhesive Application Mode and Aging Influence the Microtensile Bond Strength to Dentin?

PURPOSE: To investigate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) to dentin in class-I cavities using different layering techniques, adhesive application modes, and aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 150 caries-free human molars were randomly assigned to 8 experimental and 2 control groups (n=15 teeth/ group). For each tooth, a standardized class-I cavity was prepared (4x4x4 mm) and pretreated with a universal adhesive (self-etch or etch-and-rinse mode). Incrementally layered restorations served as the control. In the experimental groups, either lining with bulk-fill flowable composite and a layering technique, bulk filling, or the snowplow technique with one or two layers of viscous composite were applied. Four microsticks were obtained from each cavity. Half were tested initially and the other half after aging (thermocycling, 15,000 cycles, 5-55°C, n=30 sticks/group). Tobit regression was used for analyzing group differences, including analysis of interactions, Pearson's chi-squared test or Fishers's exact test for fracture analyses (significance level 0.05). RESULTS: Regression analysis showed significant differences in µTBS between groups initially and after aging. In both etching modes, lining with a bulk-fill flowable composite and layering technique achieved the highest µTBS both initially and after aging. In contrast to the etching mode (self-etch < etch-and-rinse), aging did not influence µTBS significantly. The predominant failure types were adhesive and mixed, with a significantly lower number of pre-test failures in the etch-and-rinse groups. CONCLUSION: The etch-and-rinse mode achieves higher µTBS in class-I cavities compared to the self-etch mode. The lining technique with bulk-fill flowable composite as well as the snowplow technique yielded the highest µTBS after aging, whereas bulk filling and its combination with the snowplow technique resulted in lower µTBS.

Dentin adhesion of bulk-fill composites and universal adhesives in class I-cavities with high C-factor.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the dentin adhesion of bulk-fill composites in high C-factor class I-cavities before and after thermocycling to a control group using incremental layering technique. METHODS: A standardized class I-cavity was prepared into 195 human molars, then different universal adhesives were applied either in self-etch or etch & rinse mode, and the cavity was filled according to each materials application protocol. The material combinations used were a conventional layered composite as control, the respective bulk-fill product, two other bulk-fill composites made by different manufacturers, with one of them being tested using two different polymerization times. Furthermore, one thermoviscous bulk-fill composite and one self-adhesive restorative were examined of which the latter can only be applied in self-etch mode. In each group the dentin adhesion to the cavity bottom was measured using microtensile bond strength test initially (24 h water storage) and after thermocycling. All results were statistically analyzed using STATA 17.0. RESULTS: The statistical analysis showed significant differences between the control and the experimental groups (p < 0.001). The highest mean bond strength before (14.8 ± 10.7 MPa) and after aging (14.2 ± 11.5 MPa) was measured for the etch & rinse-control group. Among the bulk-fill groups, the etch & rinse technique consistently showed higher bond strengths. Bond strength of groups with shortened polymerization did not exceed 2.1 MPa. The bond strength of the self-adhesive restoration material was low before and after thermocycling (2.7 MPa/ 0.0 MPa). Groups with low bond strength values showed a high number of pre-testing-failures. CONCLUSIONS: Bulk-fill materials used in high C-factor class I-cavities showed lower bond strength during self-etch application. The same applies for a shortened polymerization regime, which cannot be recommended for high C-factor cavities. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Today, a large variety of materials and application techniques can be used when placing an adhesive restoration. Whether new instead of established procedures should be applied in high C-factor cavities has to be critically assessed, as they are a demanding scenario for adhesive restorations.

Accuracy of additively manufactured and steam sterilized surgical guides by means of continuous liquid interface production, stereolithography, digital light processing, and fused filament fabrication.

Different printing technologies can be used for prosthetically oriented implant placement, however the influence of different printing orientations and steam sterilization remains unclear. In particular, no data is available for the novel technology Continuous Liquid Interface Production. The objective was to evaluate the dimensional accuracy of surgical guides manufactured with different printing techniques in vertical and horizontal printing orientation before and after steam sterilization. A total of 80 surgical guides were manufactured by means of continuous liquid interface production (CLIP; material: Keyguide, Keyprint), digital light processing (DLP; material: Luxaprint Ortho, DMG), stereolithography (SLA; Surgical guide, Formlabs), and fused filament fabrication (FFF; material: Clear Base Support, Arfona) in vertical and horizontal printing orientation (n = 10 per subgroup). Spheres were included in the design to determine the coordinates of 17 reference points. Each specimen was digitized with a laboratory scanner after additive manufacturing (AM) and after steam sterilization (134 °C). To determine the accuracy, root mean square values (RMS) were calculated and coordinates of the reference points were recorded. Based on the measured coordinates, deviations of the reference points and relevant distances were calculated. Paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA were applied for statistical analysis (significance p < 0.05). After AM, all printing technologies showed comparable high accuracy, with an increased deviation in z-axis when printed horizontally. After sterilization, FFF printed surgical guides showed distinct warpage. The other subgroups showed no significant differences regarding the RMS of the corpus after steam sterilization (p > 0.05). Regarding reference points and distances, CLIP showed larger deviations compared to SLA in both printing orientations after steam sterilization, while DLP manufactured guides were the most dimensionally stable. In conclusion, the different printing technologies and orientations had little effect on the manufacturing accuracy of the surgical guides before sterilization. However, after sterilization, FFF surgical guides exhibited significant deformation making their clinical use impossible. CLIP showed larger deformations due to steam sterilization than the other photopolymerizing techniques, however, discrepancies may be considered within the range of clinical acceptance. The influence on the implant position remains to be evaluated.

Effects of erosion and abrasion on resin-matrix ceramic CAD/CAM materials: An in vitro investigation.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of erosion and abrasion on resin-matrix ceramic CAD/CAM materials [CERASMART (GC); VITA ENAMIC (VITA Zahnfabrik); Lava Ultimate (3 M)] in comparison to feldspar ceramic (VITABLOCS Mark II, VITA Zahnfabrik) and resin composite materials (ceram.x universal, Dentsply Sirona). Daily brushing and acid exposure were simulated using a brushing apparatus and a solution of 0.5 vol% citric acid. Microhardness, surface roughness, and substance loss were measured at baseline and after simulation of 1 and 3 years of function. All materials showed a decrease in microhardness after 3 years and an increase in surface roughness (Ra) after 1 and 3 years. The Ra increase was statistically significantly lower for the resin-matrix ceramics than for feldspar ceramic and similar to composite material. After 3 years, only feldspar ceramic showed no significant substance loss. In conclusion, resin-matrix ceramics demonstrate reduced roughening compared to feldspar ceramics, potentially improving restoration longevity by preventing plaque buildup, but differences in abrasion resistance suggest the need for further material-specific research. Future research should aim to replicate clinical conditions closely and to transition to in vivo trials.

Bonding Strength of Various Luting Agents between Zirconium Dioxide Crowns and Titanium Bonding Bases after Long-Term Artificial Chewing.

The use of hybrid abutment crowns bonded extraorally to a titanium bonding base has aesthetic and biological benefits for the prosthetic rehabilitation of oral implants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of luting agents between a zirconium dioxide crown and the titanium bonding base on crown/abutment retention and the subsequent durability of the prosthetic superstructure. Fifty-six implant abutment samples, all restored with a lower first premolar zirconium dioxide crown, were used and divided into seven groups (n = 8/group) according to the type of luting agent used: group 1, SpeedCEM Plus; group 2, Panavia SA Cement Universal; group 3, Panavia V5; group 4, RelyX Unicem 2 Automix; group 5, VITA ADIVA IA-Cem; group 6, Ketac CEM; and group 7, Hoffmann's Phosphate Cement. All specimens were subjected to thermomechanical loading (load of 49 N, 5 million chewing cycles and 54.825 thermocycles in water with temperatures of 5 °C and 55 °C). The surviving samples were exposed to a pull-off force until crown debonding from the bonding base. Overall, 55 samples survived the thermomechanical load. Group 2 showed the highest mean pull-off force value (762 N), whereas group 6 showed the lowest mean value (55 N). The differences between the seven groups were statistically significant (ANOVA, p < 0.001). The debonding failure pattern was mainly adhesive and was noticed predominantly at the zirconium dioxide-luting agent interface. Within the scope of the present investigation, it was shown that most of the luting agents are suitable for "cementation" of a zirconium dioxide crown onto a titanium base since the debonding forces are above a recommended value (159 N).

In Vitro Eradication of Planktonic, Saliva and Biofilm Bacteria Using Lingonberry Extract as a Photosensitizer for Visible Light Plus Water-Filtered Infrared-A Irradiation.

Antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (aPDT) with visible light plus water-filtered infrared-A irradiation (VIS-wIRA) and natural single- or multi-component photosensitizers (PSs) was shown to have potent antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the antimicrobial effects of aPDT-VIS-wIRA with lingonberry extract (LE) against bacteria that play a role in oral health. Planktonic bacterial cultures of the Gram-positive E. faecalis T9, S. mutans DSM20523, S. oralis ATCC 35037 and S. sobrinus PSM 203513, the Gram-negative N. oralis 14F2 FG-15-7B, F. nucleatum ATCC 25586, and V. parvula DSM, the anaerobic F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 and V. parvula DSM 2008, and the total mixed bacteria from pooled saliva and supra- and subgingival plaques of volunteers were all treated and compared. aPDT-VIS-wIRA with LE as PS significantly (p < 0.008) reduced the growth of all tested Gram-positive, Gram-negative, as well as aerobic and anaerobic bacterial strains, whereas without irradiation no reductions were seen (p < 0.0001). NaCl, with or without irradiation, was ineffective. After treatment with CHX 0.2%, the highest killing rate (100%) was observed, and no bacteria (0 log10 CFU) were cultivable. The method also significantly reduced all of the bacteria present in saliva and in the gingival biofilms. Three-dimensional visualization of viable and non-viable microorganisms revealed that LE penetrated deeper into the cell wall layers than CHX 0.2%. LE was an appropriate PS for eradicating microorganisms with VIS-wIRA, either in their planktonic form or in saliva and gingival plaque biofilms. These results encourage further investigation in order to determine which LE compounds contribute to the photosensitizing effect and to evaluate the size of the effect on maintaining oral health.

Fracture Resistance of a Two-Piece Zirconia Implant System after Artificial Loading and/or Hydrothermal Aging-An In Vitro Investigation.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the fracture resistance of a two-piece alumina-toughened zirconia implant system with a carbon-reinforced PEEK abutment screw. METHODS: Thirty-two implants with screw-retained zirconia abutments were divided into four groups of eight samples each. Group 0 (control group) was neither loaded nor aged in a chewing simulator; group H was hydrothermally aged; group L was loaded with 98 N; and group HL was subjected to both hydrothermal aging and loading in a chewing simulator. One sample of each group was evaluated for t-m phase transformation, and the others were loaded until fracture. A one-way ANOVA was applied to evaluate differences between the groups. RESULTS: No implant fracture occurred during the artificial chewing simulation. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between the groups in terms of fracture resistance (group 0: 783 ± 43 N; group H: 742 ± 43 N; group L: 757 ± 86 N; group HL: 740 ± 43 N) and bending moment (group 0: 433 ± 26 Ncm; group H: 413 ± 23 Ncm; group L: 422 ± 49 Ncm; group HL: 408 ± 27 Ncm). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the present investigation, it can be concluded that artificial loading and hydrothermal aging do not reduce the fracture resistance of the investigated implant system.

Optimizing the use of low-frequency ultrasound for bacterial detachment of in vivo biofilms in dental research-a methodological study.

OBJECTIVES: Low-frequency, low-intensity ultrasound is commonly utilized in various dental research fields to remove biofilms from surfaces, but no clear recommendation exists in dental studies so far. Therefore, this study aims to optimize the sonication procedure for the dental field to efficiently detach bacteria while preserving viability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Initial biofilm was formed in vivo on bovine enamel slabs (n = 6) which were worn by four healthy participants for 4 h and 24 h. The enamel slabs covered with biofilm were then ultrasonicated ex vivo for various time periods (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 min). Colony-forming units were determined for quantification, and bacteria were identified using MALDI-TOF. Scanning electron microscopic images were taken to also examine the efficiency of ultrasonications for different time periods. RESULTS: Ultrasonication for 1 min resulted in the highest bacterial counts, with at least 4.5-fold number compared to the non-sonicated control (p < 0.05). Most bacteria were detached within the first 2 min of sonication, but there were still bacteria detached afterwards, although significantly fewer (p < 0.0001). The highest bacterial diversity was observed after 1 and 2 min of sonication (p < 0.03). Longer sonication periods negatively affected bacterial counts of anaerobes, Gram-negative bacteria, and bacilli. Scanning electron microscopic images demonstrated the ability of ultrasound to desorb microorganisms, as well as revealing cell damage and remaining bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: With the use of low-frequency, low-intensity ultrasound, significantly higher bacterial counts and diversity can be reached. A shorter sonication time of 1 min shows the best results overall. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This standardization is recommended to study initial oral biofilms aged up to 24 h to maximize the outcome of experiments and lead to better comparability of studies.

Healthier Smile: The Role of Diet and Nutrition in the Prevention and Therapy of Caries, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis.

Although oral hygiene and fluorides have a significant impact on people's oral health, we must not forget that the causes of oral diseases are often related to malnutrition and other unhealthy behavioral factors, such as smoking, being sedentary, and chronic stress [...].

The impact of teeth and dental restorations on gray value distribution in cone-beam computer tomography: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of teeth and dental restorations on the facial skeleton's gray value distributions in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS: Gray value selection for the upper and lower jaw segmentation was performed in 40 patients. In total, CBCT data of 20 maxillae and 20 mandibles, ten partial edentulous and ten fully edentulous in each jaw, respectively, were evaluated using two different gray value selection procedures: manual lower threshold selection and automated lower threshold selection. Two sample t tests, linear regression models, linear mixed models, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were computed to evaluate the influence of teeth, dental restorations, and threshold selection procedures on gray value distributions. RESULTS: Manual threshold selection resulted in significantly different gray values in the fully and partially edentulous mandible. (p = 0.015, difference 123). In automated threshold selection, only tendencies to different gray values in fully edentulous compared to partially edentulous jaws were observed (difference: 58-75). Significantly different gray values were evaluated for threshold selection approaches, independent of the dental situation of the analyzed jaw. No significant correlation between the number of teeth and gray values was assessed, but a trend towards higher gray values in patients with more teeth was noted. CONCLUSIONS: Standard gray values derived from CT imaging do not apply for threshold-based bone segmentation in CBCT. Teeth influence gray values and segmentation results. Inaccurate bone segmentation may result in ill-fitting surgical guides produced on CBCT data and misinterpreting bone density, which is crucial for selecting surgical protocols. Created with BioRender.com.

Accuracy of Computerized Optical Impression Making in Fabrication of Removable Dentures for Partially Edentulous Jaws: An In Vivo Feasibility Study.

The use of computerized optical impression making (COIM) for the fabrication of removable dentures for partially edentulous jaws is a rising trend in dental prosthetics. However, the accuracy of this method compared with that of traditional impression-making techniques remains uncertain. We therefore decided to evaluate the accuracy of COIM in the context of partially edentulous jaws in an in vivo setting. Twelve partially edentulous patients with different Kennedy classes underwent both a conventional impression (CI) and a computerized optical impression (COI) procedure. The CI was then digitized and compared with the COI data using 3D analysis software. Four different comparison situations were assessed: Whole Jaw (WJ), Mucosa with Residual Teeth (M_RT), Isolated Mucosa (IM), and Isolated Abutment Teeth (AT). Statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate group differences by quantifying the deviation values between the CIs and COIs. The mean deviations between the COIs and CIs varied significantly across the different comparison situations, with mucosal areas showing higher deviations than dental hard tissue. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the maxilla and mandible. Although COIM offers a no-pressure impression method that captures surfaces without irritation, it was found to capture mucosa less accurately than dental hard tissue. This discrepancy can likely be attributed to software algorithms that automatically filter out mobile tissues. Clinically, these findings suggest that caution is required when using COIM for prosthetics involving mucosal tissues as deviations could compromise the fit and longevity of the prosthetic appliance. Further research is warranted to assess the clinical relevance of these deviations.

Interaction between Hexametaphosphate, Other Active Ingredients of Toothpastes, and Erosion-Abrasion in Enamel in vitro.

Sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP) as toothpaste additive is claimed to reduce erosive tooth wear and to stabilize stannous ions. However, little is known about the impact of concentration and its interactions with fluoride (F) or stannous+fluoride ions (F/Sn) on enamel erosion and erosion-abrasion. In a 10 day cyclic in vitro erosion-abrasion model, 320 flat human enamel specimens were divided into ten groups (n = 32 each) and daily subjected to six erosive challenges (0.5% citric acid, 2 min) and two toothpaste suspension applications (2 min, 1:3 F-free toothpaste:mineral-salt solution, 0.23% sodium gluconate). Half of specimens per group were additionally brushed twice/day (200 g, 15 s) during suspension immersion. Nine suspensions contained HMP (0.25%, 1.75%, 3.25%), either on its own or combined with F (373 ppm F-) or F/Sn (800 ppm Sn2+, 373 ppm F-). One suspension contained sodium gluconate only (NegContr). After 10 days, specimens' surfaces were analysed with profilometry, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Tissue loss (µm, mean ± standard deviation) in NegContr was 10.9 ± 2.0 (erosion), 22.2 ± 1.6 (erosion-abrasion). Under erosive conditions, only 0.25% HMP in any combination and 1.75% HMP with F/Sn reduced loss significantly (-28% to -54%); 3.25% HMP without F and F/Sn increased loss significantly (+35%). With additional abrasion, no suspension reduced loss significantly compared to NegContr, instead, in groups without F and F/Sn or with 3.25% HMP loss was increased (+15% to +30%). Conclusively, at higher concentrations, HMP increased erosive tooth wear and seemed to reduce anti-erosive effects of fluoride and stannous ions.

Influence of Nutrition and Physical Activity on Local and Systemic Inflammatory Signs in Experimentally Induced Gingivitis.

Although numerous studies have been published investigating the relationship between various dietary components and inflammatory periodontal disease, it has not yet been possible to clearly distinguish between periodontally healthy and unhealthy diets. This clinical study aimed to assess the association of specific food ingredients and physical activity on local and systemic inflammatory signs in experimentally induced gingivitis. Thirty-nine non-smoking periodontally healthy volunteers (mean age 23.2 ± 3.8 years) refrained from oral hygiene in the right maxilla for 21 days to induce an experimental gingivitis. Clinical examination (baseline and day 21) included plaque index, bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival crevicular fluid volume and high sensitive C-reactive protein levels (blood sample). Accompanying the intervention, volunteers documented with validated questionnaires their physical activity converted into metabolic equivalent (MET) and their nutrition converted into the dietary inflammatory index (DII). Significantly lower BOP (p = 0.039) was found for subjects with a more anti-inflammatory DII than for those with a more pro-inflammatory DII; higher MET values were correlated with lower BOP at day 21 (correlation coefficient -0.36). The results show an influence of nutrition and physical activity on periodontal inflammation signs. The DII may be a suitable parameter to verify the relationship between nutrition and inflammatory periodontal diseases.

Enhancing intraoral scanner accuracy using scan aid for multiple implants in the edentulous arch: An in vivo study.

OBJECTIVES: Intraoral scans of multiple implants in the edentulous arch are challenged by the absence of a distinct surface morphology between scan bodies. A scan aid was applied in such situation and evaluated for intraoral scanning accuracy in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 87 implants in 22 patients were scanned with scan aid (SA) and without scan aid (NO) using two different intraoral scanners (CS3600 [CS] and TRIOS3 [TR]). Master casts were digitized by a laboratory scanner. Virtual models were superimposed using an inspection software and Linear deviation and precision were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed models (α = .05). RESULTS: Total mean linear deviation within the CS group was 189 µm without scan aid and 135 µm when using the scan aid. The TR group's total mean deviation was 165 µm with and without a scan aid. Significant improvement with scan aid was observed for the CS group (p = .001), and no difference was found in the TR group. 96% of scan bodies were successfully scanned in the TR-SA group compared to 86% for the TR-NO group, 83% for the CS-SA, and 70% for the CS-NO group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluated scan aid improved linear deviation compared to unsplinted scans for the CS group but not for the TR group. These differences could originate from different scanning technologies used, active triangulation (CS) and confocal microscopy (TR). The scan aid improved the ability to recognize scan bodies successfully with both systems, which could have a favorable clinical impact overall.

Vestibuloplasty and its impact on the long-term survival and success of dental implants in irradiated and non-irradiated patients after head and neck tumor therapy: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of vestibuloplasty on the clinical success and survival of dental implants in head and neck tumor patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective single-center study was conducted. All patients received surgical therapy of a tumor in the head or neck and underwent surgical therapy and, if necessary, radiotherapy/radiochemotherapy. Patients with compromised soft tissue conditions received vestibuloplasty using a split thickness skin graft and an implant-retained splint. Implant survival and success and the influence of vestibuloplasty, gender, radiotherapy, and localizations were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 247 dental implants in 49 patients (18 women and 31 men; mean age of 63.6 years) were evaluated. During the observation period, 6 implants were lost. The cumulative survival rate was 99.1% after 1 year and 3 years and 93.1% after 5 years for patients without vestibuloplasty, compared to a survival and success rate of 100% after 5 years in patients with vestibuloplasty. Additionally, patients with vestibuloplasty showed significantly lower peri-implant bone resorption rates after 5 years (mesial: p = 0.003; distal: p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a high cumulative survival and success rate of dental implants after 5 years in head and neck tumor patients, irrespective of irradiation. Patients with vestibuloplasty showed a significantly higher rate of implant survival and significantly lower peri-implant bone resorption after 5 years. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Vestibuloplasty should always be considered and applied if required by the anatomical situations to achieve high implant survival/success rates in head and neck tumor patients.

Stimulated Raman histology for histological evaluation of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether in patients undergoing surgery for oral squamous cell carcinoma, stimulated Raman histology (SRH), in comparison with H&E-stained frozen sections, can provide accurate diagnoses regarding neoplastic tissue and sub-classification of non-neoplastic tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SRH, a technology based on Raman scattering, was applied to generate digital histopathologic images of 80 tissue samples obtained from 8 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Conventional H&E-stained frozen sections were then obtained from all 80 samples. All images/sections (SRH and H&E) were analyzed for squamous cell carcinoma, normal mucosa, connective tissue, muscle tissue, adipose tissue, salivary gland tissue, lymphatic tissue, and inflammatory cells. Agreement between SRH and H&E was evaluated by calculating Cohen's kappa. Accuracy of SRH compared to H&E was quantified by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) as well as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: Thirty-six of 80 samples were classified as OSCC by H&E-based diagnosis. Regarding the differentiation between neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissue, high agreement between H&E and SRH (kappa: 0.880) and high accuracy of SRH (sensitivity: 100%; specificity: 90.91%; PPV: 90.00%, NPV: 100%; AUC: 0.954) were demonstrated. For sub-classification of non-neoplastic tissues, SRH performance was dependent on the type of tissue, with high agreement and accuracy for normal mucosa, muscle tissue, and salivary glands. CONCLUSION: SRH provides high accuracy in discriminating neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues. Regarding sub-classification of non-neoplastic tissues in OSCC patients, accuracy varies depending on the type of tissue examined. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study demonstrates the potential of SRH for intraoperative imaging of fresh, unprocessed tissue specimens from OSCC patients without the need for sectioning or staining.